Este instrumento é único por ser o cravo mais elaborado do século XVIII que chegou até nós. A cena alegórica pintada no interior da tampa – provavelmente representando Dido e Eneias ou Paris e Helena – sugere que se destinava a ser um presente real. Representa um cavaleiro de armadura aparecendo em uma nuvem acima do mesmo cravo sendo representado (presumivelmente pelo próprio Hass e seu filho) a uma senhora sentada em trono, visivelmente maravilhada com o cravo. O magnífico instrumento do século XVIII, da época de J. S. Bach, representa o auge da fabricação de cravo alemã. É um dos poucos instrumentos originais sobreviventes a ter o registro de oitava grave conhecido como registro de 16 pés, além de um registro de 2 pés que soa do dó central até a parte inferior do terceiro teclado.
Do ponto de vista da interpretação musical, é importante notar que, quando esse cravo foi construído, J.S. Bach, Domenico Scarlatti e G.F. Händel ainda viviam. O aparecimento de tal instrumento na primeira metade do século 18 atesta a crescente demanda por dispositivos técnicos para obter variedade de cores e contrastes – um dos objetivos que os construtores de cravo procuravam pouco a pouco alcançar, ao longo dos séculos 17 e 18. E isso permanece sem dúvida verdadeiro no que diz respeito à tradição alemã, desde os primórdios da construção desses instrumentos. Desde o primeiro cravo alemão conhecido (Hans Müller, 1537) que possui um registro de alaúde (nasard), até os instrumentos de maior porte da Escola de Hamburgo, bem como os instrumentos intimamente relacionados, Kirckman e Shudi, na Inglaterra, a fabricação de cravos na Alemanha mantem uma unidade de pensamento, a adesão a uma tradição e uma concepção de som semelhante à de um órgão. Os cravos alemães, entre os quais aqueles atribuídos às pressas a Harras e Mietke, cultivavam contrastes de cores e foram projetados para reproduzir música polifônica com grande clareza. O seu som inegavelmente belo, embora de caráter totalmente diferente, está ao nível dos admiráveis instrumentos italianos, flamengos e franceses dos séculos 17 e 18. Curiosamente, os cravos franceses do século 17, do tipo Des Ruisseaux e Thibaut de Toulouse, que, tal como os instrumentos alemães, também descendem dos primeiros cravos italianos e procuravam idealmente obter um som parecido, estão em grande parte isentos da influência flamenga. A preferência, estabelecida durante os últimos cinquenta anos pela reprodução de cravos flamengos e franceses, fez com que a tradição alemã fosse injustamente deixada de lado, no renascimento da construção dos primeiros instrumentos de teclado no século XX. Desde a publicação em 1965 do livro, Three Centuries of Harpsichord Making, de Frank Hubbard, e até recentemente, os fabricantes e especialistas modernos de cravo baniram uma importante escola de pensamento da sonoridade, na construção de cravo, e relegaram os instrumentos alemães e ingleses ao esquecimento, nas reservas de museus. Quando houve tentativas para restaurá-los, os resultados, por ignorância e falta de convicção, foram infrutíferos. Contudo, Recentemente, contudo, houve um despertar de curiosidade a respeito dos cravos alemães, decorrente da busca pelo som e os teclados, em linha com o requerido para a interpretação de obras de J.S. Bach e de Scarlatti. Se ainda não podemos provar que aqueles mestres conheciam os grandes cravos da Escola Alemã, podemos pelo menos ter a certeza de que não teriam apreciado os sons sedutores dos cravos de Pascal Taskin (1723-93) e muito menos suas atuais cópias, emasculadas pela remoção, decorrente do austero puritanismo musicológico, de genouillères e boîte d’expression, nas quais suas obras são agora tão frequentemente executadas. Como ele próprio me disse, Frank Hubbard considerava a cor sonora “vulgar e desnecessária”, com o resultado de que muitos fabricantes de cravo, juntamente com a escola do norte de tocar cravo, passaram desde então a aceitar, sem questionar, as limitações de tais instrumentos.
Three manuals (keyboards), each with a range of five octaves, FF to g3, chromatic without the FF# in the bass.
Five rows of strings: two 8′, one 4′, one 16′ and one 2′ (from FF up to c1).
Six rows of jacks situated between the keyboards and the soundboard in the following order:
Sounding on the top keyboard:
a lute (nasard) stop,
an 8′ with “dog-legged” jacks which plays both on the top keyboard and the middle keyboard.
On the middle keyboard:
the lower 8′ register,
the 4′ register.
On the third or lowest keyboard:
the 16′ register,
a harp stop for the 16′ register,
the 2′ register with a range from FF-c1.
It has been argued that the 2′ is intended to reinforce the bass of the 8′ registers. It can also be considered that, combined with the 4′ or the 16′, combinations of tone-colour can be obtained to be used in interpreting works conceived as if composed for an organ with divided keyboard. This use of the 2′, as well as the independence of the 16′ and the possibility of coupling down to the third keyboard the two 8′ registers as well as the 4′, would explain why Hass decided to add a third manual.The registers are operated by hand-stops. These are located to the right of the wrest plank and to the left of the wrest plank and the soundboard. The lowest (third) keyboard can be pulled out, drawer-like, in and out of the instrument and has two positions: pulled to a dark strip of wood, this third manual plays only the 16′ and/or the 2′; when completely drawn out, the coupling of all registers takes place to produce a tutti of truly magnificent sonorous effect. As previously mentioned, this 1740 Hass harpsichord has been restored twice. The first under the direction of Frank Hubbard in the workshop of the Musée du Conservatoire, rue de Madrid in Paris. This restoration was too superficial and, unfortunately, not satisfying. I had then to wait for more than twenty years for Mr. Andrea Goble of Robert Goble and Son Ltd (Oxford) to accomplish a particularly careful restoration that was to allow me to play this instrument in public and make recordings that would demonstrate the many sound qualities of this masterpiece of harpsichord-making. It has been considered necessary to maintain the tuning of this instrument between A 411 hz – A-415, certainly at a much lower pitch than today’s normal A 440 hz. One feature of this harpsichord explains why H. A. Hass gave a harp stop to the 16′ register. The dampers of the lute stop, when this register is engaged and the dog-legged 8′ is played from the middle keyboard, the dampers of the lute stop produce the dampening effect of a harp stop for the 8′ register. By coupling to the third keyboard the harp stop of the 8′ to the harp stop of the 16′, the player can obtain a contrasting colour effect. This curious way of obtaining a harp (or buff) effect was also employed at the time by other makers – probably under German influence.
An instrument by Joseph Mahoon dated 1738 is at present in the Colt Collection in Bethersden, England. Mentioned by Donald Boalch (Makers of the Harpsichord and Clavichord, 1995 edition, p. 199), there is a label pasted inside the lid describing how to obtain the harp effect by using dampers of the lute stop jacks. This manuscript paper describes six possible registrations. The third is: “Top Keys/Lute Buff’d/Bottom Keys or Buff Stop”. This information was kindly given to me by the harpsichord restorer, Mr. Christopher nobbs.
The outward appearance of this three-manual harpsichord is strong and imposing. The exterior decoration of the case is painted in imitation of tortoiseshell with discreetly gilded chinoiserie scenes. The keyboard surround is inlaid with ivory and tortoiseshell plaques, the latter with encrusted ivory patterns of refined baroque design. The natural keys are in tortoiseshell with arcaded ivory fronts, the accidentals are decorated with baroque motifs, tortoiseshell inlaid on ivory. The sight of the keyboards is truly stunning in its beauty and generates a feeling of visual excitement to the player. The soundboard is richly painted with varied flowers and leaves and a small outdoor scene with three men and a lady. The maker’s name appears in ink on the soundboard: Hieronymus Albr. Hass in Hamb. Anno 1740.
The harpsichord rests on a solid stand that is supported by seven sculpted legs strongly held together by a moulding known as Ruban d’amour.
The central and largest painting inside the lid depicts the same instrument being presented to a lady of rank seated on an outdoor throne who, surrounded by two groups of eleven figures, appears delighted and surprised, with widely open arms raised in amazement at the sight of a knight in armour who appears in a cloud (deus ex machina) above the harpsichord (Farinelli?). At the front of the instrument, a young man looking at her places his right hand on the third keyboard as if to point out the exceptional features of the harpsichord: a third keyboard which plays two unusual registers, the 16′ and the 2′. One suspects that he may represent the son of the maker, Johann Adolph Hass, himself a harpsichord builder. Towards the bentside tail end of the instrument an older man (H.A. Hass himself?) seems to be proud to present the harpsichord to the lady. A group of five musicians with instruments seem to be participating from behind and around the harpsichord in its presentation, and to the right of the painting in a topiary garden, a blonde lady intently watches the main scene from afar. In the centre of the lid, the picture shows a landscape of topiary gardens with statues and several fountains. In the distant background, a building of architectural distinction, a small and beautifully proportioned palace, forms part of the landscape.
Text by Rafael Puyana
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